How Citations Work in Academic Publishing

Citations form the connective tissue of scholarly literature, linking new research to its foundations and enabling the tracking of ideas through time. For journal publishers, understanding how citations work—how they're counted, tracked, and used to evaluate scholarly impact—helps in making decisions that affect discoverability and recognition. This guide explains the citation ecosystem from a publisher's perspective.

What Are Citations? #

A citation occurs when one scholarly work references another. When Author B writes a paper and includes Author A's earlier work in the reference list, Author B has "cited" Author A. From Author A's perspective, they have received a citation.

Citations serve multiple purposes in scholarship:

Attribution: Acknowledging sources of ideas, data, or methods used in new work.

Evidence: Supporting claims by pointing to prior research that established relevant facts.

Context: Situating new research within the broader scholarly conversation.

Navigation: Helping readers find related work for deeper understanding.

How Citations Get Counted #

Citation counting isn't automatic—it depends on indexing services that track references across publications:

Citation Databases #

Web of Science: Operated by Clarivate Analytics, this database indexes selected journals and tracks citations among them. Only citations from and to indexed publications are counted.

Scopus: Elsevier's database covers a broader range of journals than Web of Science and similarly tracks citations within its indexed content.

Google Scholar: Crawls the open web for scholarly content, capturing citations from a wider range of sources including repositories, theses, and non-indexed journals. Coverage is broader but quality control is less rigorous.

Discipline-Specific Databases: Some fields have specialized indexes (e.g., PubMed for biomedical literature) that may track citations within their scope.

The Counting Process #

When a new article publishes in an indexed journal, the indexing service:

1. Extracts the reference list from the article
2. Matches each reference to articles in its database
3. Increments citation counts for matched articles
4. Creates links between citing and cited works

This process depends on accurate references. Errors in author names, titles, volume numbers, or page numbers can prevent matches, meaning citations go uncounted.

Why Some Citations Don't Count #

Authors often wonder why their actual citations don't match what databases show. Several factors explain discrepancies:

Indexing Coverage Gaps #

If either the citing or cited journal isn't indexed in a particular database, citations between them won't appear in that database. A citation from a non-Scopus journal to a Scopus-indexed article won't increase the article's Scopus citation count.

Reference Matching Failures #

Typographical errors, variant spellings, missing initials, or incorrect publication details prevent automated matching. The citation exists but isn't connected to the correct article in the database.

Processing Delays #

Citation databases update periodically, not instantly. Recently published articles citing your work may take weeks or months to appear in citation counts.

Format Limitations #

Some databases only index certain content types. Citations from conference papers, book chapters, or theses may not be captured by all services.

The Role of DOIs in Citation Tracking #

Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) significantly improve citation tracking:

Unique Identification: DOIs unambiguously identify specific articles, eliminating confusion from similar titles or author names.

Automated Matching: When references include DOIs, matching becomes exact rather than probabilistic. Citation counts become more accurate.

Reference Linking: Crossref's Cited-by service tracks citations using DOIs, providing another source of citation data independent of traditional indexes.

Journals registering DOIs through Crossref and encouraging authors to include DOIs in references improve the citation tracking ecosystem.

Citation Metrics #

Raw citation counts combine into various metrics:

Journal-Level Metrics #

Impact Factor: The average citations received by articles in a journal during a specific period. Calculated by Clarivate for journals indexed in Web of Science. (See our separate article on Impact Factor for details.)

CiteScore: Scopus's alternative to Impact Factor, using a different calculation period and denominator.

h-index (for journals): A journal has h-index of X if X of its articles have received at least X citations each.

Article-Level Metrics #

Citation Count: Total citations an individual article has received.

Relative Citation Ratio: Compares an article's citations to others in its field and time period.

Author-Level Metrics #

h-index: An author has h-index of X if X of their papers have received at least X citations each.

Total Citations: Sum of citations across all an author's publications.

Self-Citations #

Self-citations occur when authors cite their own previous work. These are normal and often appropriate—researchers naturally build on their prior contributions. However, excessive self-citation raises concerns:

Author Self-Citation: Some metrics exclude or discount self-citations. Extreme self-citation patterns may trigger scrutiny.

Journal Self-Citation: When journals excessively cite their own content, Impact Factors can be artificially inflated. Clarivate monitors for this and may suppress journals with problematic patterns.

Citation Manipulation Concerns #

The importance of citations for evaluation has unfortunately created incentives for manipulation:

Citation Cartels: Groups of journals or authors agreeing to cite each other regardless of relevance.

Coercive Citation: Editors requiring authors to add citations to the journal's previous articles as a condition of publication.

Citation Farms: Operations creating fake papers primarily to generate citations for paying clients.

Legitimate journals should avoid any practices that manipulate citations artificially. Citation integrity matters for the scholarly record and journal reputation.

How Journals Can Support Citation Visibility #

Publishers can take steps that help their articles get discovered and cited:

Pursue Appropriate Indexing #

Articles in indexed journals have citations tracked. Pursuing inclusion in relevant indexes (DOAJ, Scopus, discipline-specific databases) brings articles into the citation tracking ecosystem.

Register DOIs #

DOIs improve reference matching accuracy. Crossref membership and DOI registration for all articles support better citation tracking.

Deposit Reference Lists #

When registering DOIs with Crossref, including structured reference lists enables Cited-by tracking. This creates citation data beyond what traditional indexes capture.

Ensure Accurate Metadata #

Complete, correct metadata (author names, titles, publication dates) helps indexes correctly identify and match articles.

Optimize Discoverability #

Articles must be found before they can be cited. Proper metadata, open access availability, and search engine optimization increase the chance of discovery.

Encourage Citation Best Practices #

Author guidelines can encourage complete, accurate references including DOIs when available. Better references improve the entire citation ecosystem.

Citation Delays and Patterns #

Citations don't appear immediately after publication:

Publication Lag: Citing articles must themselves be written, reviewed, revised, and published—a process taking months to years.

Discovery Time: Researchers must find articles before citing them. Newer articles are still being discovered.

Field Differences: Some disciplines cite recent literature heavily; others reference older foundational works. Citation timelines vary by field.

Peak and Decline: Most articles receive peak citations a few years after publication, then decline as newer work supersedes them.

Beyond Traditional Citations #

The scholarly impact landscape extends beyond formal citations:

Altmetrics: Tracking mentions on social media, news outlets, policy documents, and other non-traditional channels.

Downloads and Views: Usage statistics showing how often articles are accessed.

Saves and Shares: Activity in reference managers and academic social networks.

These alternative indicators capture attention that may not translate to formal citations but still represents impact.